When the actual cost differs from the standard cost, it is called variance. If the actual cost is less than the standard cost or the actual profit is higher than the standard profit, it is called favorable variance. On the contrary, if the actual cost is higher than the standard cost or profit is low, then it is called adverse variance.
Each element of cost and sales requires variance analysis. Variance is classified as follows:
- Direct Material Variance
- Direct Labor Variance
- Overhead Variance
- Sales Variance
Direct Material Variance
Material variances can be of the following categories:
- Material Cost Variance
- Material Price Variance
- Material Usage Variance
- Material Mix Variance
- Material Yield Variance
| Material Cost Variance | |
| Standard cost of materials for actual output – Actual cost of material used
Or Material price variance + Material usage or quantity variance Or Material price variance + Material mix variance + Material yield variance |
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| Material Price Variance | |
| Actual usage ( Standard Quantity Price – Actual Unit Price)
Actual Usage = Actual Quantity of material (in units) used Standard Unit Price = Standard Price of material per unit Actual Unit Price = Actual price of material per unit |
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| Material Usage or Quantity Variance | |
| Material usage or Quantity variance : Standard price per unit (Standard Quantity – Actual Quantity ) | |
| Material Mix Variance | |
| Material mix variance arises due to the difference between the standard mixture of material and the actual mixture of Material mix.
Material Mix variance is calculated as a difference between the standard prices of standard mix and the standard price of actual mix. If there is no difference between the standard and the actual weight of mix, then: Standard unit cost (Standard Quantity – Actual Quantity ) Or Standard Cost of Standard Mix – Standard cost of Actual Mix Sometimes due to shortage of a particular type of material, standard is revised; then: Standard unit cost (Revised Standard Quantity – Actual Quantity) Or Standard cost of revised Standard Mix – Standard Cost of Actual mix If the actual weight of mix differs from the standard weight of mix, then: Standard cost of revised standard mix ×
Total weight of actual mix mixTotal weight of revised standard mix
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| Material Yield Variance | |
| When the standard and the actual mix do not differ, then
Yield Variance = Standard Rate × (Actual Yield – Standard Yield) Standard Rate =
Standard cost of standard mix Net standard output (i.e.Gross output−Standard loss)
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Direct Labor Variance
Direct labor variances are categorized as follows:
- Labor Cost Variance
- Labor Rate of Pay Variance
- Total Labor Efficiency Variance
- Labor Efficiency Variance
- Labor Idle Time Variance
- Labor Mix Variance or Gang Composition Variance
- Labor Yield Variance or Labor Efficiency Sub Variance
- Substitution Variance
| Labor Cost Variance |
| Standard Cost of Labor – Actual Cost of Labor |
| Labor Rate of pay Variance |
| Actual Time taken × (Standard Rate – Actual Rate) |
| Total Labor Efficiency Variance |
| Standard rate × (Standard time – Actual time) |
| Labor Efficiency Variance |
| Standard Rate (Standard time for actual output – Actual time worked) |
| Labor Idle Time Variance |
| Idle Time Variance = Abnormal Idle Time × Standard Rate
Total Labor Cost Variance = Labor rate of Pay variance + Total labor Efficiency Variance Total Labor Efficiency Variance = Labor Efficiency Variance + Labor Idle Time Variance |
| Labor Mix Variance or Gang Composition Variance |
| If actual composition of labor is equal to standard:
LMV = Standard Cost of Standard Composition (for Actual time taken) – Standard Cost of Actual Composition (for Actual time worked) If standard composition of labor revised due to shortage of any specific type of labor but the total actual time is equal to the total standard time: LMV = Standard Cost of Revised Standard Composition (for Actual Time Taken) – Standard Cost of Actual Composition (for Actual Time Worked) If actual and standard time of labor differs: =
Total time of actual labor composition Total time of standard labor composition
× Std.cost of std.composition − Std.cost of actual composition In case the Standard is revised and there is a difference in the total Actual and the Standard time: =
Total time of actual labor composition Total time of revised std.labor composition
× Std.cost of (revised std.composition − actual composition) |
| Labor Yield Variance |
| Std. Labor Cost per unit × (Actual Yield In units – Std. Yield in units expected from Actual time worked on production) |
| Substitution Variance |
| (Actual hrs × Std. Rate of Std. Worker) – (Actual hrs × Std.Rate actual worker) |
